A3 and A2 refrigerants: Border determination and hunt for A2 low-GWP blends

LITERATURE REVIEW Reference List for low GWP Refrigerants Testing

New High Performance, Low GWP Refrigerants for Stationary AC and Refrigeration

In response to concerns about global climate change, and in consideration of probable legislation that may impact the production and use of refrigerants with high global warming potential, a set of new refrigerant candidates has been developed for evaluation. Some candidates are designed for stationary air conditioning in residential and light commercial end uses. Other refrigerant candidates w...

Thermal Decomposition of Lower-GWP Refrigerants

The use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) has been widely restricted. They have been replaced with hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in order to protect the ozone layer. However, the leakage of refrigerant into air from active or end-of-life air conditioners has been a serious environmental issue owing to the high global warming potential (GWP) of HFCs. It has therefore...

Isolation and characterization of new onionins A2 and A3 from Allium cepa, and of onionins A1, A2, and A3 from Allium fistulosum.

In this study, the new stable sulfur-containing compounds onionins A2 (1) and A3 (2) were isolated from the acetone extracts of the bulbs of Allium cepa L. and identified as the stereoisomers of onionin A1 discovered in our previous study. Their chemical structures, 3,4-dimethyl-5-(1E-propenyl)-tetrahydrothiophene-2-sulfenic acid-S-oxides, were characterized using various spectroscopic techniqu...

Outflow occlusion with A3–A3 anastomosis for a doughnut-shaped partially thrombosed giant A2 aneurysm

BACKGROUND A doughnut-shaped aneurysm, which is defined as a round-shaped aneurysm composed of an intraluminar thrombus and marginal parent artery, is an extremely uncommon subtype of partially thrombosed giant aneurysms. Surgical treatment of this characteristic aneurysm is technically challenging. CASE DESCRIPTION We report a rare case of a 79-year-old man with a symptomatic doughnut-shaped...